Young’s Modulus

Measure of how stiff a material is $E=\frac{\sigma }{ϵ}=\frac{\text{Stress}}{\text{Strain}}$ Found by stretching a material one direction until it breaks, then recording the stress and strain, then finding the rate of change between the 2.

Spring constant can be obtained from young’s modulus. $k=E\frac{A}{L}$