Believing that:

  • The external world does not exist
  • We have little Knowledge of the external world

Self-Affirming Past

To prove the past, you must assume that a past exists. This is self-reinforcing and is absurd.

Phenomena

  • You do not directly observe phenomena
  • All notions of causation are scientific theories that cannot be validated
  • Our senses that we use to observe the world cannot be trusted

Philosophers