Transformation from Standard Form

y = a[k(x-d)]^n+c a - Vertical stretch/compress. k - Horizontal stretch/compress. 1/k is the actual stretch/compress d - Horizontal shift. left is positive, right is negative. n - Exponent c - Vertical shift

Vertical Stretch

Parameter	Effect on graph y=x^n
1 < a	Vertical stretch by factor of a
0 < a < 1	Vertical compression by factor of 1/a
-1 < a < 0	Vertical flip on x axis, then compression by factor of 1/a
a < -1	Vertical flip on x axis, then stretch by a
You can find this from Vertical Stretch from Y Intercept

Horizontal Stretch

Parameter	Effect on graph y=x^n
k > 1	Horizontal compression of k
0 < k < 1	Horizontal stretch by factor 1/k
-1 < k < 0	Horizontal flip on y axis, then stretch by factor of 1/k
k < -1	Horizontal flip on y axis, then compress of k

Horizontal Shift

Parameter	Effect on the graph y=x^n
d > 0	Horizontal shift left d units
d < 0	Horizontal shift right d units

Vertical Shift

Parameter	Effect on the graph y=x^n
c > 0	Vertical shift up c units
c < 0	Vertical shift down c units